![]() Building products for smart spaces requires not just domain expertise but a thorough understanding of digital infrastructure models. All other generators satisfying the design criteria will be larger, heavier, and require more power input.Underlying smart spaces infrastructure is a complex framework of hardware devices, network components, software, and cloud solutions all integrated to deliver a seamless end-user experience. Maximum power extraction for a particular application occurs when the generator delivers the required voltage at one half its closed circuit current. Generally, a piezo generator must deliver a specified current and voltage, which determines its operating point on the voltage vs. All other values of simultaneous current and voltage levels are determined by a line drawn between these points on a voltage versus current line, as shown in Figure-15. Current is at a maximum when the voltage is zero, and voltage is at a maximum when the charge transfer is zero. Open-circuit voltage, Voc, refers to the voltage developed at the maximum recommended strain level, when charge is prohibited from traveling from one electrode to the other. Closed-circuit current, ICC, refers to the total current developed, at the maximum recommended strain level and operating frequency, when the charge is completely free to travel from one electrode to the other, and not asked to build up voltage. Piezoelectric generators are usually specified in terms of their closed-circuit current (or charge) and open-circuit voltage. Figure 8: Piezo Motor Performance (Force versus Deflection Diagram) All other actuators satisfying the design criteria will be larger, heavier, and consume more power. An actuator is considered optimized for a particular application if it delivers the required force at one half its free deflection. Generally, a piezo motor must move a specified amount and exert a specified force, which determines its operating point on the force vs. All other values of simultaneous displacement and force are determined by a line drawn between these two points on a force versus deflection line, as shown in Figure-8. Deflection is at a maximum when the force is zero, and force is at a maximum when the deflection is zero. ![]() Blocked force (Fb) refers to the force exerted at the maximum recommended voltage level when the actuator is totally blocked and not allowed to move. Free deflection (Xf) refers to displacement attained at the maximum recommended voltage level when the actuator is completely free to move and is not asked to exert any force. Piezoelectric actuators are usually specified in terms of their free deflection and blocked force. Resonant Frequency (Fr) = 3 X cantilever frequencyĬharacteristics: center moves up and down in a parallel plane. To convert cantilever performance to simple beam performance:įree Deflection (Xf) = 1 / 4 X cantilever motionīlocked Force (Fb) = 4 X cantilever force Resonant Frequency (Fr) = same as cantilever frequencyĬapacitance (C) = same as cantilever capacitanceĬharacteristics: end moves up and down in a parallel plane Figure 6: 2-Layer Bending Motor Mounted as a Simple Beam To convert standard cantilever performance to "S" bender performance:įree Deflection (Xf) = 1 / 2 x cantilever motionīlocked Force (Fb) = 1 / 2 x cantilever force Figure 5: 2-Layer "S" Bending Motor Mounted as a Cantilever Figure 4: 2-Layer Bending Motor Mounted as a Cantileverįor standard cantilevered benders of the same thickness:Ĭharacteristics: End takes on an angle. The variety of mounting and motion options make benders a popular choice of design engineers. Figures-4, 5 and 6 show several common bending configurations. Bender motion on the order of hundreds to thousands of microns, and bender force from tens to hundreds of grams, is typical. These transducers are often referred to as benders, bimorphs, or flexural elements. A 2-layer element produces curvature when one layer expands while the other layer contracts.
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